FLASH ANIMATION

A Flash animation or Flash cartoon is an animated film which is created by Adobe Flash or similar animation software and often distributed in the SWF file format. The term Flash animation not only refers to the file format but to a certain kind of movement and visual style. With dozens of Flash animated television series, countless more Flash animated television commercials, and award-winning online shorts in circulation, Flash animation is currently enjoying a renaissance.

Flash is able to integrate bitmaps and other raster-based art, as well as video, though most Flash films are created using only vector-based drawings which often result in a somewhat clean graphic appearance. Some hallmarks of poorly produced Flash animation are jerky natural movements, auto-tweened character movements, lip-sync without interpolation, and abrupt changes from front to profile view.

Flash animations are typically distributed by way of the World Wide Web, in which case they are often referred to as Internet cartoons, online cartoons, or webtoons. Web Flash animations may be inreractive and are often created in a series. A Flash animation is distinguished from Webcomic, which is a comic strip distributed via the Web, rather than an animated cartoon.

History of Computer Networking

A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computers and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.

1940
George Stibitz used a Teletype machine to send instructions (or a problem set from his Model at Dartmouth College to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and received results back by the
same means.

I950's
Early networks of
communicating
computers included the
military radar system
Semi-Automatic
Ground Environment
(SAGE),
started in the late
1950s.

• 1960
The commercial airline reservation system
semi-automatic business research environment
(SABRE) went online with two connected
mainframes

1962
Linking output systems
like teletypewriters to
computers was an
interest at the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) when,
J.C.R. Llckl.der was hired and developed a
working group he called the
“Intergalactic Computer Network’

This concept, allowed the data and programs
stored within each computer to be accessed
from anywhere in the world, by any of the
computers connected to the network.

1964
Researchers at Dartmouth
developed the Dartmouth
Time Sharing
System for 
distributed 
users of large computer systems.

At the same time, the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, a research group supported by
General Electric and Bell Labs used a computer
to route and manage telephone connections

1965
Thomas Marill and Lawrence
G Roberts created the first
wide area network (WAN)
This was an immediate
precursor to the
ARPANET, of which
Roberts became
program manager.

At the same time, the
first widely used
telephone switch that
used true computer control
was introduced by
Western Electric.


1972
Commercial
services
using X.25
were deployed, and later used as an underlying
infrastructure for expanding TCP/IP networks.

1991
Home Broadband created

1996
The 56K modem
was invented by Dr.
Brent Townshend

2000
In late March 2000,
Cisco achieved a stock
market capitalization
(valuation) of
D more than
$550 million

That officially made Cisco the single
most valuable corporation n the world at
that time• literally, a “Fortune 1” company.

2001
Home broad band enters mainstream
usage and begins growing at a faster
rate than Internet dial-up services.


2009
10 Gigabit Ethernet (GE) was the only market
segment to show sequential port and revenue
growth in 2009, due in large part to
shipments of purpose-built fixed 10 GE boxes
for the data center.

2010
100 Gigabit Ethernet
fully completed

2020
The Terabit Optical Ethernet Center are aiming for 1 Terabit Ethernet over optical fiber


- 1trillion bits per second -
by 2015, with the ultimate goal of enabling 100 Terabit Ethernet by 2020.


Today, computer networks are the core of modern communication. All modern aspects of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) are computer-controlled, and telephony increasingly runs over the Internet Protocol, although not necessarily the public Internet. The scope of communication has increased significantly in the past decade, and this boom in communications would not have been possible without the progressively advancing computer network.

Computer networks, and the technologies needed to connect and communicate through and between them, continue to drive computer hardware, software, and peripherals industries. This expansion is mirrored by growth in the numbers and types of users of networks, from the researcher to the home user.